북미방공사령부NORAD 이시우 2006/08/01 292

美 지하 核통제소 46년만에 휴업

미국 콜로라도 주 로키 산맥 깊숙이 자리 잡은 샤이엔 산의 지하 600m엔 철제 건물 15개동으로 이뤄진 지하 요새가 있다. 지진 등으로 인한 충격을 흡수하기 위해 1319개의 거대한 스프링이 건물을 지탱하고 있다. 철제문의 무게는 23t에 달한다.

1100여 명이 근무하는 지하 요새는 완전 자급자족이 가능하다. 발전기 6대와 급수저장시설, 식당, 체육관, 상점, 예배당, 이발소, 병원, 약국이 갖춰져 있다. 공기정화기는 각종 세균과 방사능 화학 물질을 제거한다.

이곳에 자리 잡은 북미방공우주사령부(NORAD)와 북부사령부 지휘통제소에서는 지구 상공에 떠 있는 모든 물체를 24시간 감시하고 있다. 핵전쟁이 발발하면 전쟁사령부가 옮겨 온다. 이달 초 북한의 미사일 발사 때도 전 세계의 레이더에 포착된 모든 정보가 이곳에 모였다.

동서 냉전이 한창이던 1960년대 핵 공격에도 끄떡없는, 미국에서 가장 안전한 시설로 만들어진 이 지하 요새가 앞으로 ‘긴급사태 발생시 즉시 사용할 수 있는 상태(warm standby)’로 들어간다. 사실상 ‘휴업’ 상태에 놓이는 것.

북부사령부는 지난달 27일 NORAD와 북부사령부 지휘통제소 업무를 20km가량 떨어진 콜로라도스프링스 동쪽 피터슨 공군기지로 이전 중이며 2년 내 이전을 완료할 것이라고 밝혔다. NORAD 지휘통제소 업무를 피터슨 공군기지의 국토안보센터 기능과 통합하기로 했다는 설명이다.

다만 북부사령부 측은 긴급사태 땐 1시간 내 재가동이 가능토록 시설과 장비는 그대로 유지할 방침이라고 덧붙였다. 이에 따라 레이더 감시요원 등 900여 명이 이동하고 일부 유지 관리 요원만 남게 되며, 일부 기능은 전략사령부와 우주사령부가 사용한다.

팀 키팅 북부사령관은 덴버포스트와의 인터뷰에서 “이제 러시아나 중국이 미국에 핵 공격을 할 가능성이 거의 없다는 정보기관의 판단에 따른 것”이라고 설명했다.

미 언론은 “2001년 9·11테러 이후 미군은 이곳의 시설 현대화 작업을 위해 막대한 예산을 쏟아 부었다”며 시설 이전에도 엄청난 비용이 소요될 것이라고 보도했다.

이철희 기자 klimt@donga.com

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/cmc.htm

http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/cmah.htm

Cheyenne Mountain Complex
The Cheyenne Mountain Complex (CMC) outside Colorado Springs, CO is the main correlation center of the Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment (ITW/AA) system. Cheyenne Mountain is the command, control, communication and intelligence center for coordinating and controlling North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) missions. The facility houses operations centers which are equipped with processors, displays, and communications link the centers to forward sensors and to the NCC.

The centers, which conduct missile, atmospheric, and space warning activities, are:

The Air Operations Center (AOC) [also known as the Air Defense Operations Center - ADOC] maintains constant surveillance of North American airspace to prevent overflight by hostile aircraft. It tracks over 2.5 million aircraft annually. The ADOC collects and consolidates surveillance information on suspected drug-carrying aircraft entering or operating within North America, and provides this information to counternarcotice agencies.
The Missile Warning Center (MWC) detects launches globally and determines whether they are a threat to North America.
The Space Control Center (SCC) [also known as the Space Defense Operations Center - SPADOC] detects, identifies and tracks all man-made objects in space. It currently tracks over 8,000 objects including payloads, rocketbodies and debris. Knowing where these objects are contributes to several mission areas, including collision avoidance for the space shuttle crew.
The NORAD/USSPACECOM Combined Command Center (CCC) [also known as the NORAD Command Center - NCC] serves as the hub for all activity within the workcenters. The Command Director (CO), an one-star general officer or colonel, is always on duty in the command center. It provides coordination and direction to the mission work centers, and forwards critical information from the other centers to the President and Prime Minister of Canada. The center supports the Commander in Chief NORAD/Commander in Chief US Space Command to provide warning and assessment of attack on North America or its allies to the National Command Authorities (NCA), the US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), and other users.
The Combined Intelligence Watch Center (CWIC) [also known as the Combined Intelligence Center - CIC] serves is the indications and warning center for worldwide threats from space, missile, and strategic air activity, as well as geopolitical unrest that could affect North America and U.S. forces/interests abroad. The center’s personnel gather intelligence information to assist all the Cheyenne Mountain work centers in correlating and analyzing events to support NORAD and US Space Command decision makers.
The National Warning Facility is the US civil defense warning center located in the Aerospace Defense Command Post to provide FEMA with access to warning information at the same time it is available to NORAD. In case of attack, the center would sound the alarm over the civilian alerting circuits of the National Warning System [NAWAS].
The Space and Warning Systems Center (SWSC) is responsible for the maintenance and evolution of mission-critical software meeting operational requirements for NORAD, USSPACECOM, and AFSPC2 for these Cheyenne Mountain Command and Control (C2) centers responsible for national attack warning/assessment and space surveillance/defense/control. The SWSC currently maintains in excess of 12 million lines of code on 34 separate operational systems written in 27 languages.
The Weather Support Center (SOLAR) is located in building 1470 on Peterson AFB but also reports to the Command Center.
There are five crews that man the centers. Each crew consists of approximately 40 people, and are designated as Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, and Echo. Under normal conditions only one crew will be on duty during an eight-hour shift.

With the development of large computers and with the advent of the threat of ballistic attack, NORAD developed a series of semiautomated warning and assessment systems, culminating with the development of the 427M system contained within Cheyenne Mountain, which became operational in 1979. As soon as the 427M system became operational NORAD and the US Air Force Air Defense Command developed a series of command-level programs to resolve operational and sustainment problems with the 427M system by the creation of individual acquisition programs with limited scope and cost. In 1981, the Air Force began a modernization effort consisting of five separate acquisitions to replace aging and obsolete computer systems at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex. By the mid 1980s, six programs were underway with an aggregate cost of almost $2 billion. It soon became evident that the set of Cheyenne Mountain upgrades needed to be restructured as a single, major, integrated upgrade program. The consolidated program was formally started in 1989.

The Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) Program consists of upgrades to NORAD ballistic missile, air, space, and command center elements within the CMC, as well as upgrades and provides new capability to survivable communication and warning elements at the National Military Command Center (NMCC),USSTRATCOM, and other forward user locations. CMU additionally provides at Offutt AFB an austere backup to Cheyenne Mountain ballistic missile warning. CMU’s modernization and new capabilities enhance the ability to rapidly and accurately correlate ITW/AA information, providing commanders with timely, accurate, and unambiguous information regarding enemy missile, air, and space systems throughout the full spectrum of conflict. The CMU program consists of the following major subsystems:

Granite Sentry provides a Message Processing Subsystem and a Video Distribution Subsystem, and it upgrades the NORAD Computer System display capability and four major centers: (1) the Air Defense Operations Center, (2) the NORAD Command Center, (3) the Battle Staff Support Center, and (4) the Weather Support Unit. Granite Sentry also processes and displays nuclear detection data provided from the Integrated Correlation and Display System. In March 1993 the government awarded a contract to Martin Marietta (now Lockheed-Martin) to complete the Granite Sentry upgrades to the processing and display capabilities of the ADOC, the NCC, and the Operations Planning Staff, which performs nuclear, biological, and chemical event processing.
The Communications System Segment Replacement (CSSR) is an internal Cheyenne Mountain Complex and Alternate Missile Warning Center communications system that provides connectivity between mission areas, sensors, and forward users.
The Survivable Communications Integration System (SCIS) provides the system with reliable and survivable communications between the ten missile warning sensor sites, two correlation centers, and eight forward users for transmission and receipt of missile warning sensor data and other Integrated TW/AA information.
The Space Defense Operations Center 4 provides an automated command, control, and communication capability for space defense and space surveillance to the National Command Authorities.
The Command and Control Processing and Display System Replacement (CCPDS-R) provides near-real-time processing, display and distribution of ballistic missile ITW/AA information, including nuclear detonation reports, to the National Command Authorities and forward users.
The Alternate Missile Warning Center, located at Offutt AFB, is functionally equivalent to Cheyenne Mountain’s systems for processing, display, and distribution of missile warning data and is the prime correlation center providing missile warning data to USSTRATCOM for force management.
The five original acquisition programs for the Cheyenne Mountain Complex were initially scheduled for completion in 1987 at a cost of $968 million. After a series of delayed completion schedules and increased development cost estimates, as of 1994 the CMU program was 8 years behind schedule and $792 million over budget. Initial versions of several CMU subsystems that the Air Force declared operational were unreliable and did not meet users’ requirements. As a result, those subsystems were operated in parallel with the systems they were meant to replace.

Sources and Resources
Going Ballistic! By Phil Patton Wired 7.11 – Nov 1999 “Cheyenne Mountain is one of the truly mythic locales of the modern era,” says John Pike, a policy analyst at the Federation of American Scientists who tracks nuclear-defense issues. “It’s a place where America contemplates ultimate reality and the void.”
Mountain Nerve Center Remains Relevant to Warfighting 27 April 1998 — By Douglas J. Gillert American Forces Press Service The Soviets no longer pose a viable threat. Why does DoD maintain this mysterious complex? Has the complex, in fact, remained relevant to DoD operations for the ’90s and beyond?
Attack Warning: Status of the Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade Program (Letter Report, 09/01/94, GAO/AIMD-94-175)

Cheynne Mountain Air Station Official Homepage
The Cheynne Mountain Story – Information Booklet
NORAD – A Mission Day – Information Booklet
NORAD AIR DEFENSE OVERVIEW
A Case Study In Legacy System Migration: Prototypes to Support the Evolution of NORADís Air Defense Mission Sean P. Mullen MITRE Corporation
Space and Warning Systems Center (SWSC) Domain Engineering Guidebook
CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN UPGRADE (CMU) DOT&E FY97 Annual Report
CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN UPGRADE (CMU) PROGRAM DOT&E FY 96 Annual Report
THE CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN UPGRADE (CMU) PROGRAM DOT&E FY 95 Annual Report
Cheyenne Mountain Trivia
Info on SIDE CAR callword SPECIAL TOPIC REPORT 95-1 The WORLDWIDE UTE NEWS Club An Electronic Club Dealing Exclusively in Utility Signals